Determine all three-digit numbers NN having the property that NN is divisible by 1111, and N11\frac{N}{11} is equal to the sum of the squares of the digits of NN.

Solution

Let the three digit number be N=100a+10b+cN=100a+10b+c, where aa, bb, cc are digits, 1a91 \leq a\leq9, and 0b,c90 \leq b, c\leq 9.

We are given two conditions:

  1. NN is divisible by 1111.
  2. N11=a2+b2+c2N=11(a2+b2+c2)\frac{N}{11}=a^2+b^2+c^2 \implies N=11\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right).

By the divisibility rule for 1111, the alternating sum of digits ab+ca-b+c must be a multiple of 1111. Since 1a91 \leq a\leq9 and 0b,c90 \leq b, c\leq 9, the value of ab+ca-b+c can only be 00 or 1111.

Case 1:

Let b=a+c.b=a+c.

Then, we get:

100a+10(a+c)+c=11a2+11(a+c)2+11c2100a+10\left(a+c\right)+c=11a^2+11\left(a+c\right)^2+11c^2
100a+10a+10c+c=11a2+11(a2+2ac+c2)+11c2100a+10a+10c+c=11a^2+11\left(a^2+2ac+c^2\right)+11c^2
110a+11c=11(a2+a2+2ac+c2+c2)110a+11c=11\left(a^2+a^2+2ac+c^2+c^2\right)
11(10a+c)=11(2a2+2ac+2c2)11\left(10a+c\right)=11\left(2a^2+2ac+2c^2\right)
10a+c=2a2+2ac+2c210a+c=2a^2+2ac+2c^2

Since the right side is even, the left side must also be even, meaning that cc must be an even digit (0,2,4,6,80, 2, 4, 6, 8).

If c=0c=0, then

10a=2a210a=2a^2
5a=a25a=a^2
a=5a=5

Then,

b=5+0b=5+0

b=5b=5

This gives the number N=505N=505.

Check: 55011=50\frac{550}{11}=50 and 52+52+02=505^2+5^2+0^2=50. So, it is valid.

Testing c=2,4,6,8c=2, 4, 6, 8 yields quadratic equations with no integer solutions for aa.

Case 2:

Let b=a+c11b=a+c-11.

Since b0b\geq0, we must have a+c11a+c\geq11. Substituting bb into the expression of NN:

N=100a+10(a+c11)+cN=100a+10\left(a+c-11\right)+c
N=11(10a+c10)N=11\left(10a+c-10\right)

Equating this to our second condition:

N11=10a+c10\frac{N}{11}=10a+c-10
N11=a2+(a+c11)2+c\frac{N}{11}=a^2+\left(a+c-11\right)^2+c

Let’s test the possible sums for a+ca+c from 1111 to 1818:

If a+c=11a+c=11, then b=0.b=0.

Substitute c=11ac=11-a.

10a+(11a)10=a2+02+(11a)210a+\left(11-a\right)-10=a^2+0^2+\left(11-a\right)^2
9a+1=2a222a+1219a+1=2a^2-22a+121
2a231a+120=02a^2-31a+120=0

Solving this quadratic equation using the quadratic formula:

a=31±(31)24(2)(120)4a=\frac{31\pm\sqrt{\left(-31\right)^2-4\left(2\right)\left(120\right)}}{4}
a=31±9619604a=\frac{31\pm\sqrt{961-960}}{4}
a=31±14a=\frac{31\pm1}{4}

When a=8a=8, c=118=3c=11-8=3. This gives the number N=803N=803.

Check: 80311=73\frac{803}{11}=73 and 82+02+32=738^2+0^2+3^2=73. So, it is valid.

Testing other values for a+ca+c from 1212 to 1818 yields no other integer solutions.

The only three-digit numbers satisfying the property are 550550 and 803803.

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